RADIUM: Ecosystem

The RADIUM ecosystem is comprised of three key stakeholders:

1. Validators: Validators play a pivotal role in securing Binance's Proof-of-Stake mechanism. They earn RADIUM rewards when they successfully fulfill their assigned duties in a timely and accurate manner. However, if a validator fails to actively participate in their responsibilities, they will face gradual deductions from their initial RADIUM balance as penalties. It's important to note that BNB Chain restricts running the same validator key on multiple clients, and previous attempts to create redundancy and fault tolerance have often resulted in more severe penalties, known as 'slashing.' Validator uptime is crucial for maximizing rewards and avoiding penalties, making it imperative to opt for a reliable staking solution. Security is equally paramount, as any inconsistent, dishonest, or malicious behavior by a validator can lead to slashing. RADIUM offers both high availability, ensuring validators remain online and accessible for their duties, and robust security by splitting the validator key into shares distributed to independent operator nodes. The key can be securely stored offline, and our technology stack ensures that no single operator or malicious entity can recreate it. RADIUM operates as a staking pool, enabling virtually any RADIUM holder to run a validator and earn staking rewards with a minimum deposit of just 0.1 RADIUM.

2. Operators: RADIUM framework involves committees of non-trusting and tech-savvy operators collaborating to manage validators, providing stakers with a turnkey solution. This setup results in a fault-tolerant system with high availability, even if some operators experience downtime. Multiple operators each hold a share of the key, and a minimum number of these shares are required to create a valid signature. This means that even if some operators act maliciously, the key remains secure, and other operators step in to sign the data and prevent penalties. Two types of operators are involved:

• Operators running the threshold signature scheme to support the decentralized staking service for stakers depositing RADIUM.

• Initiators who provide liquidity and initiate mini-pools. They select three other operators to form a committee responsible for managing the validator. Two of these operators must come from the RADIUM DAO. Together, they run the Distributed Key Generation (DKG) scheme to establish the private/public key pair for the trustless BLS threshold signature scheme of the mini-pool Validator. This key pair serves as both the validation and withdrawal keys for Binance Beacon 2.0 staking. The initiator triggers a mini-pool contract with their RADIUM deposit, which enters a waiting queue for the remaining RADIUM to be deposited from the RADIUM pool. When the pool is ready to provide the additional RADIUM needed, the mini-pool contract initiates the staking process on the Beacon Chain. Unlike other infrastructure providers where initializer operators specify the execution layer address, RADIUM's design simplifies the process by decentralizing the validator private key, preventing any single operator from determining the execution layer address and thus preventing fund theft.

3. RADIUM Service Provider / RADIUM DAO: The RADIUM infrastructure and protocol rely on the support of RADIUM Service Providers and the RADIUM DAO to build and maintain decentralized staking services. At its core, RADIUM offers a robust web service where:

• Users depositing RADIUM to run a validator can maximize their staking rewards while minimizing missed opportunities and penalties.

• Users can operate operator nodes and charge fees for managing validators on behalf of stakers.